Impact of Free News on Print Media and Readers Preferences

Abstract This paper answers the questions about implication of free news on print media with an effort of considering readers’ preferences, which are also a cause for emergence of free newspapers. The Effect of electronic media and availability of online news on print media and to what extent that will be a cause for the emergence of free newspapers finds place in review and analysis in the research.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Free News on Print Media and Readers’ Preferences specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The different types of free newspapers and their effect on mainstream newspapers and the complementary nature of the free newspapers will be examined to differentiate the readers’ preferences about mainstream newspapers and free news. The aspects other than online availability of news and the free newspapers acting as prompters or marketing agents for online franchisees are reviewed and analyzed to decide the nature and extent of effect on mainstream newspapers. As a whole the readers’ preferences are considered along with the effect of free newspapers on mainstream media and the division between readers of mainstream newspapers and free newspapers and the people who read both of them. Introduction The aim of the paper is to find out the impact of free news and readers preferences for the newspapers which offer it. To have enough understanding about the topic and to know about the readers preferences, the following research questions will be answered in the dissertation. Relation to previous research The relation to previous research finds place in the paper through answering the following questions and the literature review that reviews the opinions and results of the previous researches on the topic and the related topics. To define and identify implication of free news in Print Media. Why the newspapers that offer free news are focusing on certain sections of readers? Do the free newspapers offer competition to traditional or mainstream newspapers or just go together with them? If they are doing so, how it happens? f. If they don’t the reason. Is there any link between readers’ preference for free newspapers and more updated news? Closed End Questions Do you prefer free Newspaper? Yes No Is the content of free newspapers is holistic or they differ from mainstream newspapers? Yes No Is your main intention to read free newspaper is to know the news? Yes No If Yes for the above question, do you find the news in free newspapers and its presentation as well as analysis is at par with mainstream newspapers? Yes No If No for the question number three, what makes you read the free newspaper? Marketing b. Life style stories c. to pass time in travelling to know about new products you are interested in e. none of the above Literature Review The literature review of the dissertation explains what free news is and cites the situations that prompted the emergence of free newspapers. The availability of news for free due to changes in technology can be known as ‘free news’ as the readers may find the news online for free while browsing.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This resulted in a situation that prompted some companies in print media to offer free newspapers, which is termed as biggest threat to companies in print media in terms of profit and revenues. Eventually the firms in newspaper industry found many threats and risks involved in managing a company and to release a newspaper. However, the response of these companies to readers’ preferences results in a threat or an opportunity for their business to stay sustained.1 Availability of News on Internet Publishing is the activity that has been severely affected by the advent of internet. The n ewspaper publishing has been still more affected due to the significant changes implied by digital media in the sector of news publishing. Regarding this aspect, the analysis of key factors that affect the preferences of readers in reading digital newspapers is necessary. Thus while focusing on preferences of readers and the existence of free newspapers as well as their emergence; it is fair to focus on usability of digital newspapers and the choice of digital dailies by readers. To explain these affects the following text can help in understanding the relevance of newspaper sector on Internet. â€Å"The advantages of the new digital media in terms of both supply and demand have brought a revolution in modern Journalism. The use of these new systems is characterized by the speed in which news reach the reader, the low cost of distributing information, the possibility to update news constantly, and the opportunity to establish more direct contact and interact with users, who have co me to play an important role in the design of journalistic offer.†(Flavian C., Gurrea R, 1). As per the above quote, Flavian C., Gurrea R., mention the enormous advantages of the new digital media that have boosted the service of offering news in both qualitative and quantitative terms. The authors opine that this resulted in proliferation of increasingly, specialized electronic journals and resulted in a new communication media.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Free News on Print Media and Readers’ Preferences specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this regard, Flavian C., Gurrea R (2008, p. 1) cite Nielson (2003) about news sites and digital newspapers, which are widely demanded by internet users worldwide. Going an extra mile in this regard, the authors cite Kaye and Johnson (2004), who affirmed that the main aim of accessing internet by users is to read breaking news and to search the most updated information. Advertisement Revenue Just before reviewing the emergence and sustenance of free newspapers, it is necessary to mention the threats to advertisement revenues faced by newspapers. Regarding advertisement revenues, the newspapers get them from a diversified customers ranging from the people giving small personal advertisements selling consumer goods to the advertisers who give advertisements about luxury products, which are sold on a wider market when compared to the people giving small advertisements. Both types of revenues are important in sustaining the profitability of newspapers and losing any of them is a major jolt to the profitability. The threat to the advertisement revenues is not only from online news portals but also from websites like e-Bay, which sell diversified products online and deliver them at the doorstep of the customers. These types of websites and online marketing agencies normally tie up with big companies as well as small sellers and sell their products online. This not only relieves the seller from showroom expenditure but also the small advertiser to be free from giving costly advertisements in newspapers. This type of marketing of products resulted in drop in advertisement revenues and the report of Trinity Mirror in 2006 that its advertisement revenue has been dropped by 10 percent. Hence, there should be an alternative to cope up with the damage done by websites and electronic media. The advent of internet also challenged the monopoly of print media and the newspapers should fight with news portals as well as online marketing websites to stay in the gray and to enhance their advertising revenues.2Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Coming to the point of emergence and sustenance of free newspapers, the analyses and interpretations of policies of governments by newspapers come to the fore as they can influence the readers. The influence of the content on the people matters here. The influence is due to interaction of media with its audience. The influence is also due to flow of information offered by a Newspaper to its readers and the way it is being presented. Regarding the influence of print media on people, Andrew King John Plunkett (2005) state as follows: â€Å"The French Revolutions of 1789, 1830 and 1848 were all perceived as caused by unchecked floods of print through the social body: flow of media into the lower classes was considered a major problem.†(King Plunkett 35) In the contemporary period the necessity to penetrate (flow of media) into lowers classes or the target classes resulted in emergence of free newspapers.3 In the age of proliferation of free news on internet, the newspapers hav e no other way except to offer free news in print to counter the competition from news portals or other forms of online news. In this regard New York Times wrote about a newspaper in Hong Kong ‘The Standard’, which is a 58 year old English language daily that joined the ranks of free newspaper. In 2007, when this paper has been offered for free in Hong Kong, initially the distributors gave a print run of 1,20,000 copies by tripling its last paid circulation run to outperform its major competitor ‘The South China Morning Post’. As it is for free, the first day public snapped all the copies within one or two hours and the publishers’ response is that it is better than they expected. Only the attempt of the management to outperform its nearest competitor has been mentioned here, but the act of changing a print media newspaper into free newspaper is to compete with the Internet news portals and to retain their readers who are shifting from print to onlin e media. Hence, the readers’ preference for online news and media can be termed as one of the causes that prompted some print media organizations to turn free. In this point of view, it can be termed that the internet and online news are drivers of emergence of free newspapers as internet eroded the readership as well as advertising revenue of newspapers in markets worldwide. The companies like ‘The Standard’ responded faster than their peers who succumbed or suddenly fallen victim to web. Though there are free newspapers before that, the case of ‘The Standard’ is the one that decided to shift from paid to free distribution of its publications. In this context, ‘The Standard’ relied on target readers of Hong Kong stock exchange as the 90 percent of its advertising revenue is from it. As the exchange started offering companies the less expensive alternative of posting notices on Internet, the print media like the management of ‘The Standard’ started to oblige the same less expensive alternatives for the companies even in print and in an attempt to get advertisements they tried to increase circulation by offering the newspaper for free. So, it can be termed that the compulsion of managements of print media to scramble for alternative ad revenue resulted in ‘free news’ even in print. The emergence of free newspaper is due to the logic that the free newspaper can have more circulation than the paid ones. To consolidate the ad revenue as well as the readership, the free newspapers are acting according to readers’ preferences by targeting certain section of readers like ‘The Standard’ targeting the investors of Hong Kong Stock Exchange.4 In a similar manner, different free newspapers have to act according to readers’ preferences. The increase of popularity for online news after 2000 is evident from the article named ‘Newspaper Circulation up! (For Free Papers)â⠂¬â„¢ published in mediacrit.com. The article also mentions about the decline of circulation as well as revenue for print version associated with the slow and constant growth of online editions and indirectly underlines the readers’ preference for online news. This type of changes in growth regarding publication of news resulted in creation of a segment in newspaper industry, which has to offer free news to increase circulation. The free newspapers are sold by hawkers on carts at all busy public places and in some cases are delivered to target customers in some neighborhoods and this is an attempt from the managements of print media to act according to the preferences of readers. This resulted in emergence of free magazines also in countries like US, which are published weekly once but the context of free newspapers is different as the free magazines do not have a corresponding website as one of the readers’ preferences as mentioned earlier is to resort to online sourc es for news. The article cites Piet Bakker, a communications professor at the University of Amsterdam. He is an expert on the free newspaper industry and explains the sustenance of free newspapers by increasing circulation as well as advertisement revenues. Bakker mentions that the 36 million copies of free dailies are being circulated in 49 countries. These countries include Korea, Chile, Austria and Botswana. Even in Europe, the circulation of free newspapers has grown five times in period 2000-05. The combined circulation of 125 free dailies in Europe is around 26.5 million. This indicates that though there is growth in free newspaper segment, the market is highly competitive as there is more number of newspapers in a particular area. These free newspapers are compact when compared to their paid versions and come as tabloids to meet the preferences of readers. The reason is that they offer these tabloids to the commuters who are mostly employees and workers and offer news mostly read by them as well as the articles about the issues and things they want. As they are targeted on commuters they can be read by the time the readers while they are in journey. In the age of growth of online and digital news, the free newspapers are often used by mainstream newspapers to advertise themselves and to become popular among the readers. That means the paid newspapers are using the free versions as secondary sources and in the time being, the online news websites are also using the free newspapers as the ones to increase their popularity.5 Proposed Methods/Methodology The methodology in this paper involves initially the survey results of some readers of free newspapers and mainstream newspapers. The analysis and discussion followed after the presentation of survey results will discuss and analyze the answers of readers in some academic researches and will be presented as a content that has answers for the questions taken as research questions for this dissertation. The n ext part of the methodology is to fortify the analysis and discussion chapters with analysis of useful and important literature regarding free news and the consequences as well as causes for its emergence. At this stage the selected sources will be different forms of news, readers’ preferences, academic research papers or any type of news article or paper that is useful in analyzing the content that is useful for academic purposes. Analysis The most affected sector due to the developments in technology is Journalism as the ways and means of presentation of news has been changed with the advent of technology. The proliferation of electronic newspapers resulted in availability of free news for readers and this resulted in pressure on print media that offers newspapers in print as their advertisement revenues have come down due to the availability of cheaper space in electronic news portals. Hence, the motivations of the readers to read newspapers need to be observed by free new spapers to know the preferences of readers and to make them visitors of their corresponding websites. This results in a competition between news portals (digital news) and newspapers (print media).6 Digital versus Traditional Newspapers The growing interest in the analysis of duality of channels that present latest news to readers or visitors results in competition between digital and traditional newspapers. This makes the study of free news as the one that makes readers to read the press despite availability of free news online. When readers read free newspapers, the influence of motivations that make them to read them or the situations that result in reading them by the readers come to the fore. While studying these influences, press identified the following motivations; To search for specific information to get updated news for leisure reasons as a habit (Carlos Flavian., Raquel Gurrea, p.1) are the reasons to read the newspapers either free or paid. Consequently, the analysis of duality of media that is available in the form of newspapers should be made from supply-side perspective as the advantages of internet as a medium boosted the supply of news in digital form. To overcome or withstand the competition, it is necessary for print media to find an alternative to make the newspapers attract the readers. This can be made by using different distribution channels that reach readers in different forms and ways. One such example is to offer free newspapers to commuters going to offices. In addition to this, the free newspapers find many other distribution channels that find enough readers.7 Effect of Free Newspapers Before discussing and analyzing the readers’ preferences and their links with the trends of free newspapers, it is important to know whether they are able to compete with the traditional ones or denting their revenues. This aspect might sound irrelevant to discussion and analysis of readers preferences, but the success and failure of any n ewspaper either it is free or paid depends on readers’ preferences. If the free newspapers are cannibalizing the traditional ones, they are according to the readers’ preferences and are consolidating the readership. If they are not they must be targeting some sections of readers to sustain and to get profits through advertisement revenues and thus act as complements to main stream newspapers. In this regard according to Dr. Kathleen P. Mahoney., Dr James H. Collins (2005), â€Å"the free tabloid newspapers have become serious media players in less than 10 years by having 2 million circulation in US. And now, traditional paid newspapers facing an already difficult marketplace are asking: is free dailies competition or opportunity? This paper will provide some guidance to newspaper companies either considering introducing a free offering or being confronted by one, by examining whether the free dailies are competitive or complementary to the traditional paid newspaper.à ¢â‚¬  (Mahoney. K. P. et al., p.1) However, the observation of Mahoney K.P. etal., did not find any cannibalization of paid dailies by free dailies as both are following different strategies for their business. The intention of free tabloids is to capture non –readers and thus their strategies may not affect the paid newspapers’ business much. This is due to the fact that the free tabloids’ strategies rest on the expectation that the readers buy the franchisee’s paid products. Though the free tabloids are not denting much into the readers’ base of traditional newspapers, they are capturing the non readers, who are elusive to the traditional newspapers till now. The effect of free tabloids on traditional newspapers lies on the extent of period the former hold the young readers. Normally, the readers of free tabloids do not stick to a newspaper for long time unlike the traditional ones. Hence, the traditional newspapers have to consolidate their rea dership, whereas the free newspapers have to search for new readers on continuous basis. Moreover, a section of young people, who read free tabloids for a particular period of time may not leave their traditional newspaper if they are part of the latter’s readers’ base. Eventually, the free newspapers may make the task of traditional newspapers difficult but cannot completely cannibalize them as the strategies as well as readers are different and even common readers also do not desert one for the other. Hence, it can be termed as the presence of free newspapers is making it difficult for traditional ones to sustain, but cannot make them irrelevant in the present scenario.8 Long term Perspective of Free Newspapers After analyzing the effect of readers’ preferences on strategies of business now it is time to analyze the needs of long term developments for free newspapers. In this regard, Piet Bakker (2002) mentions the strategies that are applicable in the long ru n that consider readers’ preferences. The important concern the author put forth is that the reaction of the reader to the free daily, which is not a novelty but just an established product. As the academic research on free newspapers is not widely available, the publications like reports by newspapers, organizations, business publications and press releases as well as the researches of free newspapers to frame strategies need to be used here to have an idea of scenario that is a result of the strategies of free newspapers that frame strategies according to the preferences of the readers they are targeting. The important aspect, which is bone of contention, is about the circulation claimed by free newspapers as the audit for circulation followed for paid ones is different from that of the free newspapers. Eventually, the publishers of free newspapers claim their circulation and the reliability of that claim depends on certain sections that the publishers of free newspapers wa nt to target. In this context, the effect of free newspapers is supplementary or complement for the traditional newspapers as the strategy of them to approach is different from that of free ones. Hence, the existence or emergence of free newspapers and their sustenance in long-term is independent of the adverse situation faced by traditional newspapers as that is a result of availability of content or news more on online than in the print and the access to online content being easy. In this regard Piet Bakker (2002) states that â€Å"So far, 80 free daily newspapers have been introduced in 26 countries. The majority have been launched in the last three years. In some markets like Stockholm, Cologne, Buenos Aires, The Netherlands, Zurich, Basle, Bern, Toronto, Newcastle more than one free newspaper was published..†( Bakker, 181). In support to the above facts Piet Bakker quotes the facts claimed by the free newspapers and finds that daily 20 to 25 million people all over the g lobe are reading free newspapers and another aspect of these newspapers is that they published in Metropolitan areas and the editions come out only on weekdays. This further brings forth the preferences of readers in metro areas as well as the growth of newspapers in Metro in the presence of free newspapers as well as the advent of internet.9 Growth of Metro Newspaper The emergence of free news also results from the fact that there is little scope of growth for metro newspapers as the advent of internet has decreased the profits of newspapers particularly in metro areas the people in these areas have more internet accessibility than their peers of rural areas. The availability of entertainment as well as advertisement alternatives are denting the profits of print media by decreasing their advertisement revenue either by decreasing the number of advertisements or the tariff for them. In addition to that the increase in prices of newsprint and decrease in readers interest as well as p rofitability prompted some newspaper managements to offer newspapers free to make their niche in the digital news channels as the free newspapers attract readers to the corresponding news portals and that results in increase of hit rate, which in turn increase the prospects of getting advertisements for online editions. In spite of managing all the just mentioned aspects, the publishing of a newspaper needs greater levels of managerial discipline when compared to the publishing the same online. This is due to the fact that the printing operations need the assembly of first rate products with right advertising inserts with narrow production windows.10 Free Newspapers as complementary to Mainstream ones In this situation of assembling first rate products with right inserting of advertising slots with lean production management techniques are necessary, but the traditional newspapers can use the free newspapers concept to increase the popularity for their online versions. In doing so, they can minimize the loss of advertisement revenue in print edition due to the advent of internet. Hence, free news or free newspapers not only pose a threat to the traditional newspapers revenues, but also can be used as the ones that boost the revenues for their online editions. This strategy makes creating an online edition a compulsion for all traditional newspapers in print. As the free newspapers target some sections of readers, the print editions can launch complementary free newspapers to target the sections of readers on which the free newspapers, which are not complementary for any print editions are targeting. Thus the traditional newspapers can use the welfare enhancing by new good complements to existing goods principle put forth by Michal Masika (2010, p. 2). When the new goods, which are substitutes and are in the form of complementary newspapers for traditional newspapers are capable of replace the competitive free newspapers, the traditional newspapers can minimize the damaging effects of free newspapers their advertisement revenues. This principle indirectly suggests to traditional or mainstream newspapers to offer the services for their readers, which are being offered by free newspapers through their online editions. To do that, the mainstream newspapers not only should develop the appearance of website and presentation of news on that, they have to offer products online or should post advertisements of online marketing agencies for cheaper prices when compared to advertisement tariff in print edition. Though this strategy may not increase the advertisement revenues considerably, they damage can be controlled and in long-term, the traditional newspapers can bring down the free newspapers to the standard of pamphlets for franchisee websites, thus drawing a clear line between their readers and the readers of free newspapers.11 Reflections It was found that the emergence of free newspapers initially is due to availability of online news as we ll as advent of internet. In the next stage, the free newspapers are used to as promoters for news portals or marketing web sites for certain products. Hence, the free newspapers can be differentiated into two types; the first being the ones that target a section of readers to promote their products and the other type, which act as promoters to the online news portals that are independent or belong to a mainstream newspaper. The potential and empirical obstacles found while doing research for this paper is that it is difficult to estimate the number of online news portals that are affecting the print media. As the news portals popularity is determined by hit rate and has no physical evidence, I found that the estimation of damage to mainstream newspapers is difficult in terms of circulation as circulation and hit rate cannot be compared. Another potential aspect is that the differentiation of free newspapers, which are completely based on news and the ones that act as franchisees fo r online marketing sites. There is third type of free newspapers also, which act as publicity things for online news portals. The fourth type of free newspapers are that come out weekly once or twice as a complementary from the publisher of a mains stream newspaper to withstand the competition of free news and to have publicity for the mainstream newspaper as well. Regarding conceptual and theoretical problems, it is difficult to draw a line between mainstream newspapers and free newspapers. In other words paid newspapers and some free newspapers are difficult to differentiate except for the price. The theoretical problem that exists in the case of free newspaper is to authenticate the circulation claims. In the context of paid newspapers, there is a system of auditing and related organizations to declare the circulation of each newspaper. However, in case of free newspapers, as the publishers offer money to the people or shops who put their newspaper in stands, the more money the p ublisher can spend, the more claims for circulation may exist. Hence, I found that this aspect makes it difficult to calculate circulation of free newspapers. From ethical point of view, commenting or criticizing on ethical standards of free newspaper do not have any theoretical or moral base. This is due to the fact that the free newspapers are not hiding any business activity they are doing and everything they are resorting to is legal and though it cannot be termed as moral, but can’t be called as immoral. These points impact a study of a researcher to differentiate between complete newspapers and the papers that work as franchisees for online marketing sites. Moreover, as the free newspapers, which are used as tools for the marketing agencies also offer news and the absence of a system in print media to marginalize those type free newspapers from mainstream free newspapers will make the work of a researcher a difficult thing. Conclusion The conclusion in the dissertation will be in a way that reveals the importance of readers’ preferences in the emergence and trends of free newspapers. After differentiating the free newspapers from the traditional and mainstream ones, the way the latter frame strategies to rein in the free newspapers to consolidate their advertisement revenue will find place. At the end how the free newspapers can also act complementary for traditional newspapers even in the presence of individual free newspapers in the market will be pointed out. Works Cited Andrew King John Plunkett. Victorian Print Media: A Reader. New York. Oxford University Press. 2005. Carlos Flavian., Raquel Gurrea, â€Å"Digital Versus Traditional Newspapers; Influences on Perceived Substitutability†. International Journal of Market Research, Vol. 51. Issue 5. 2009. P.1-3. Carlos Flavian., Raquel Gurrea. â€Å"Perceived Substitutability between Digital and Physical Channels: The case of Newspapes†. Online Information Review. Vol. 31, no .6. 2007. P. 1-3. Carlos Flavian., Raquel Gurrea, â€Å"Reading Newspapers on the Internet: The Influence of Websites’ attributes†. Internet Research. Vol. 18, no. 1. 2008. P. 26-45. Donald Greenlees. â€Å"Hong Kong Newspaper takes gamble on free distribution†. Nytimes.com. published on 10th September 2007. Web. Flavian, C Gurrea, R 2006, ‘The choice of digital newspapers: influence of reader goals and user experience’, Internet Research, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 231-247. Christensen. â€Å"API discovers â€Å"good enough† is better then best†. Strategic Direction. Vol. 24. Issue 9. 2008. Pp. 19-21. Piet Bakker. â€Å"Free Daily Newspapers-Business Models and Strategies†. The International Journal on Media Management. Vol. 4, no. 3. (2002), p.180-187. John Sterling. â€Å"Strategy Development for the Real World†. Strategy Leadership. Vol. 30, issue 1, 2002, p.10-12. Kathleen P. Mahoney., Dr James H. Collins. â€Å"Consumer Newspaper Choice in Markets with Free Print Options: Are Free Daily Newspapers Competition or Opportunity for Traditional Paid Products?†. Session -The Symposium of Publishing. 2005. Michal Masika. â€Å"Free Commuter Newspapers and the Market for paid –for Daily Newspapers†. University of Munich. 2010 Footnotes 1 Flavian, C Gurrea, R 2006, ‘The choice of digital newspapers: influence of reader goals and user experience’, Internet Research, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 231-247. 2 Christensen. â€Å"API discovers â€Å"good enough† is better then best†. Strategic Direction. Vol. 24. Issue 9. 2008. Pp. 19-21. 3Andrew King John Plunkett. Victorian Print Media: A Reader. New York. Oxford University Press. 2005. 4 Donald Greenlees. â€Å"Hong Kong Newspaper takes gamble on free distribution†. Nytimes.com. published on 10th September 2007. 5 NA. â€Å"Newspaper Circulation Up! (For Free Papers)†. Mediacrit.com. NA. 9th June 2007. Web. 6 Carlos Flavian., Raquel Gurrea. â€Å"Perceived Substitutability between Digital and Physical Channels: The case of Newspapers†. Online Information Review. Vol. 31, no.6. 2007. P. 1-3. 7 Carlos Flavian., Raquel Gurrea, â€Å"Digital Versus Traditional Newspapers; Influences on Perceived Substitutability†. International Journal of Market Research, Vol. 51. Issue 5. 2009. P.1-3. 8 Dr. Kathleen P. Mahoney., Dr James H. Collins. â€Å"Consumer Newspaper Choice in Markets with Free Print Options: Are Free Daily Newspapers Competition or Opportunity for Traditional Paid Products?†. Session -The Symposium of Publishing. 2005. 9 Piet Bakker. â€Å"Free Daily Newspapers-Business Models and Strategies†. The International Journal on Media Management. Vol. 4, no. 3. (2002), p.180-187. 10 John Sterling. â€Å"Strategy Development for the Real World†. Strategy Leadership. Vol. 30, issue 1, 2002, p.10-12. 11 Michal Masika. â€Å"Free Commuter Newspapers and the Market for paid –for Daily Newspapers†. University of Munich. 2010. This essay on Impact of Free News on Print Media and Readers’ Preferences was written and submitted by user Trey Dillon to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

5 Sentences That Should Save the Best Until Last

5 Sentences That Should Save the Best Until Last 5 Sentences That Should Save the Best Until Last 5 Sentences That Should Save the Best Until Last By Mark Nichol English is a flexible enough language that a set of words can be ordered in any of several ways to communicate the same idea. However, in writing as in many other human endeavors just because you can doesn’t mean you should. Here are five sentences rendered more effective by positioning the most important information at the end. 1. â€Å"He had told her that his illegal drugs were actually vitamins for months.† This sentence, like many others that include a misplaced modifier, suffers because it reads as if the perpetrator had told someone that the illegal drugs in his possession were vitamins intended as nutritional supplements for the periods of days known as months, after which they were not so intended. This is a â€Å"You know what I meant† mistake, which is still a mistake. A better rendition one that appropriately positions the modifier directly after the verb it modifies places the key detail in the final position: â€Å"He had told her for months that his illegal drugs were actually vitamins.† 2. â€Å"Outdoor illicit drug markets are free of the stuff and crime bosses say they get the credit, not the government.† What is it about drugs and clumsy sentences? The latter part of the sentence implies that crime bosses say that they get one thing (the credit) and not the other (the government). What the sentence means is that crime bosses are taking credit for the absence of a substance from illicit drug markets; they, not the government, they claim, are responsible for the beneficial result. Placing the two contenders for credit in contrasting parallel, as I did in the previous sentence (and inserting a helpful comma between the two independent clauses), improves the sentence structure and clarifies the meaning: â€Å"Outdoor illicit drug markets are free of the stuff, and crime bosses say they, not the government, should get the credit.† 3. â€Å"He was a member of the team during that series but did not play due to a concussion.† â€Å"He . . . did not play due to a concussion† invites the question â€Å"Why did he play?† But the concussion is the cause of his nonparticipation in the series. The intended meaning becomes clear if the phrase â€Å"due to a concussion† is inserted as an interjection before the key fact (â€Å"he . . . did not play†), rather than confusingly appended to it: â€Å"He was a member of the team during that series but, due to a concussion, did not play.† 4. â€Å"It’s not just losing in the regular season that strengthens your core, but losing in the playoffs as well.† The correction to this sentence may seem to contradict the point of this post. Isn’t â€Å"losing in the playoffs,† rather than â€Å"losing in the regular season,† the point of the statement? Actually, as demonstrated in the previous sentence, contrasting phrases are best positioned together in the midst of a sentence. The key detail is what the two types of losing have in common: â€Å"It’s not just losing in the regular season, but losing in the playoffs as well, that strengthens your core.† 5. â€Å"The longer she stayed, the more interesting and meaningful the experience became, despite the hardships involved.† The false key, however, isn’t always best relegated to the midst of the sentence. Sometimes it’s best to get it out of the way at the beginning: â€Å"Despite the hardships involved, the longer she stayed, the more interesting and meaningful the experience became.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:10 Rules for Writing Numbers and NumeralsItalicizing Foreign WordsOne Scissor?

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GGP of Russia for the past year - Essay Example This is especially the case in Russia. When GDP shrinks, that means a country’s economy is in serious trouble and a recession is looming. As the world continues to freefall in the current economic crisis, many country’s GDPs are shrinking. Russia, which for many years had been riding the recent increase in energy prices, has an economy and GDP which have been growing substantially over the last few years; however, this may not continue because of the way energy prices have seriously tumbled. The Gross Domestic Product of Russia is $1.29 trillion. This is one of the largest GDPs in the world, definitely in the top fifteen of all countries. It grew 5.8 per cent in 2008 which was one of the lowest rates of growth in several years and was largely due to the decrease in the price of oil and other resource of which Russia has a lot. Now the IMF has been predicting that the Russian economy will contract 0.7% in 2009 which is very bad for Russians who are hoping to see their country continue to grow and become more powerful.1 Part of the problem is that the Russian economy is not very diversified. Unlike more developed economies that have a good mix between resources, manufacturing, and services—Russia mostly exports gas and minerals and not much else. That means the economy is very dependent on international prices which it has little control over. A Russia continues to develop hopefully its economy will become more

Arab economic integration Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Arab economic integration - Research Paper Example All of these aimed at enhancing the economic development of its member states (Hakimian & Nugent, 2005). The Gulf cooperation council member states had a notable difference in regard to the economic growth and also difference in the gross domestic product per capital where Kuwait has the lowest figure of US$ 1000 compared to the United Arab Emirates which has over US$25000 (United Nations, 2009). With these disparities in the level of per capita income the Arab economic integration has to engage in an intra-industry trade and economic activities which is guided by the product differentiation. The reason of choosing this market driven by product differentiation is to gather and accommodate the existing income and GDP differences as well as preference. The major characteristic and influence that has been introduced by the Arab economic integration is the reduction and the elimination of the trade barriers that exist in between the member states, the reduction of the standard trade barr iers include the non tariff barriers and the general costs of real trade (Hakimian & Nugent, 2005). The economic analysis and the evaluation of the Arab economic integration can be taken into account in two different dimensions where the first dimension is about the focus on the goods and services market, this dimension can be used to evaluate and assess the suitability and the desirability in regards as well as the context of the Arab integration. The second dimension comprises the reasoning in terms of the vicious circle; this provides that the idea of Arab economic integration has not been that effective because of the little intra regional trade due to the lack of organized...This paper mainly focuses on initiation of the Arab economic integration, more specifically on the countries, which are active members of the Gulf Cooperation Council. It provides a clear description of the market environment in these countries and the strategies that the governments of the respective membe r states have put into place to enhance the efforts of integration. The paper further focuses on both the major challenges that limit the implementation process and the possible approaches that can be adopted, so as to achieve optimum economic integration among the GCC member states. Regional economic integration among the Arab countries especially for the GCC countries has been a notable phenomenon. Efforts of regional economic integration in these countries started earlier than any other developing region in the world at around 1950s, The Arab states resolved on adopting numerous regional economic agreements that aimed at lifting up trade barriers mainly on preferential basis. These initiatives of economic integration had a significant economic impact on these integrated countries. The studies and analysis of this Arab integration indicated that the slow accomplishment and realization of the integration is due to the low intra-regional trade of goods among the member states. The key challenge in the pursuance of the economic integration by Arab countries is the efforts to establish a common market or a custom union. This has not been made possible due to its implementation nature where it requires agreement and harmonization of policies and regulations between the states. There is a need to establish institutional mechanisms, that will promote regional economic integration, in these counries.

Graffiti as Art Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Graffiti as Art - Research Paper Example Insofar as graffiti in Trinidad is concerned, graffiti is an art. The reasons, aesthetic criteria included, that reiterates that graffiti is an art outweigh the criticism of incoherence, nonstandard, and illegal presentation. This paper seeks to identify graffiti as a form of art, with particular emphasis on graffiti in the walls of the streets in Trinidad. The paper also highlights some peculiar tagging present in the graffiti as well as providing some samples from the region. Background A previous research on graffiti in Trinidad shows that prior to the arrival of Howok, a graffiti artist from Dublin aged 25 years, the graffiti in Trinidad was primarily two dimensions with one or two colors. However, the region is experiencing some changes in the graffiti section. Big, colored, three-dimension graffiti are pooping up literary every night on walls in the streets, from Diego Martin main road, Ariapita Avenue, Western main road to the Foreshore. Interestingly, these graffiti have some resemblance, with the majorly the name of the new graffiti artist, Howok. It seems that the artist brought different texts and colors to the graffiti industry in Trinidad. However, some graffiti in the Trinidad Island also reflect their culture, such as the one that depicts people playing the steel pan (Plate 1), a national instrument for the country. Plate 1:Grafiti in Trinidad showing people playing steel pans. Contrary to graffiti in the West and other parts of the world, the graffiti in Trinidad predominantly incorporates the name of the artist rather than the wide use of numerous graphics and texts eminent in North America (Schlee, 2005). Nonetheless, graphics are becoming a common feature of graffiti in Trinidad, though not with the same magnitude as with other countries. It is from such evidence that this paper seeks to assert that graffiti art in Trinidad is indeed a form of art. The origin of graffiti art in the Caribbean region dates back to the 1990s, as the societies we re experiencing the impact of popular cultural phenomena. The popular Caribbean culture has influence of the developments across the global mass culture. Throughout the 1990s, the Caribbean societies exhibited signs of influence from international fashion, films, music, and other emerging industries, particularly among the youth. The young people tended to seek new avenues to express their feelings. They thus sought to propagate discourses as legitimate responses to the already established discourses. Graffiti art is among the most disruptive, subversive, and creative form of art in the Caribbean societies. It is dominant in Barbados and other regions such as the Trinidad Island. Despite its virtually omnipresent existence, the academic organizations completely ignore this form of art. Formal scrutiny, explication, and analysis of graffiti writing and art are yet to occur. The graffiti arts on public spaces and walls across the Caribbean depict the disaffection of some people. It is imperative to understand the background of graffiti in the Caribbean and the various cultural behaviors and phenomena that surround the graffiti art in order to make a comprehensive conclusion on the nature of graffiti art. Critics of graffiti art as a form of art base their arguments on their location, as well as

A Case Study relating to the Principles of Anaesthetic Practice

A Case Study relating to the Principles of Anaesthetic Practice In this assignment the key features of the pre-operative assessment, anaesthesia and airway management will be explored. I will be identifying a range of drugs that are used and will explain their behaviour and indicate the dosage. I will be reflecting on my own experience of checking an anaesthetic machine following the AAGBI guidelines, and explaining how to check anaesthetic equipment with regards to the AAGBI guidelines. I will also be reflecting on a patient undergoing anaesthetic on my placement. I have changed the name of my patient who I will be following through the anaesthesia for confidentiality reasons. Therefore I will be calling my patient Helen. The HPC code of conduct states that you must respect peoples right to confidentiality (Urwin 2007). Helen was referred to the hospital by her GP after suffering bad pains and tightening around her back. After a series of investigations which included an ultrasound scan, gastroscopy, MRI, and blood tests, it was found that Helen had stones in the gallbladder with increased wall thickness. This was detected through the ultrasound scan. She was then diagnosed with symptomatic gallstone disease and given a date to have Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. For this procedure a general anaesthetic will be given and she will need to been intubated. Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy is the surgical removal of the gallbladder with a scope. These examinations where carried out in the out-patients consultation. Here the surgeon decided the diagnosis from the patients history, full physical examination and results from the investigations (Simpson, Peter 2002). A few days before the patient is due to come in for surgery they are asked to attend a pre operative assessment clinic. Here the patients general heath is checked, current and past medical history is asked and also any family history such as, hereditary conditions like malignant hyperthermia, cholinesterase abnormalities, and porphyries. These can all affect the anaesthetic process in some way (Aikenhead et al 2007). Bloods are then taken for cross matching and the anaesthetist requested an electro cardio gram to be taken due to Helens age. The patient is also asked about any medications she may be taking as these too can interact with some of the agents that may be used during anaesthesia. Alcohol, smoking and the use of recreational drugs can all affect the anaesthesia at some point. For example someone who drinks alcohol regularly may have liver dysfunction which may lead to the patient to be resistant to a range of drugs including induction drugs and sedative drugs (Davies and Ca shman 2004). The anaesthetic history of the patient will also be looked at, questions will be asked to the patient and anaesthetic notes will be read by the anaesthetist. This is carried out as the patient may have had problems during anaesthetic in the past and this could then be avoided (Aitkenhead ET all 2007). At the end of the assessment the patient has the chance to ask the anaesthetist any questions they may want to ask. This is great for the patient as it can limit any stress they may have and this in turn reduces blood pressure and relaxes the heart (Davey and Ince 2005). The pre operative assessment is also there to ensure that the patient knows exactly what procedure they are having (Wicker and ONeil 2006). The assessment identifies any potential problems which can save the operation from been cancelled (Simpson Peter 2002). Helen had no history of any conditions that ran in the family; she is currently taking no medications and has never had an anaesthetic before. The day before the operation the anaesthetist visits the patient on the ward. Here some final checks are done to see whether the patient is fit for surgery (Davey and Ince 2005). The patients physical status is assessed. This is done using the ASA classification. Class 1 being a healthy person and class 5 being a patient who is not expected to survive without an operation. Helen was class 2 which meant mild to moderate systemic disease not necessarily related to the condition requiring surgery, (e.g. hypertension). Helens physiological measurements were taken. Her Blood Pressure was 120/90, Respiratory Rate 18, Temperature 36.5, Body mass index 26, Oxygen saturation 96%, Pulse rate 70, Blood Glucose level 8.2, and weight 80.3kg. The patients airway is then assessed using the mallampati scoring system. This is done by the patient opening their mouth and sticking out their tongue. It is used to try and forecast how easy or difficult it will be to intubate the patient. The lower the sco re the easier to intubate (Steven et al 2003). See appendix 1. Helen has a mallampati score of 2 which meant that intubation shouldnt be too hard. However the anaesthetist also looks for other physical problems that may cause intubation to be difficult, for example, sunken cheeks, small mouth, prominent jaw, a short neck, and loose teeth (Woodhead and Wicker 2006). Helen had none of these problems however a difficult intubation trolley is always kept in the anaesthetic room incase intubation become difficult. If the patient is obese then they are usually advised to lose some weight before the operation as obesity increases the risk of wound infections, chest infections, and deep vein thrombosis (Davies and Cashman 2006). The patient should then be prepared for theatre by signing a consent form, fasting and pre medication. Fasting is where the patient cannot eat for 6 six hours, and not to drink any fluids after 2 hours before surgery (Woodhead and Wicker 2006). This is to reduce the risk of aspiration of stomach contents during induction or recovery of anaesthesia (Wicker and ONeil 2006). According to Davies and Cashman (2006), pre-medication is in place to relax a patient before they go down to theatre, and also to reduce any pain that the patient may be in. During the pre-operative assessment Helen was given 200mg of ibuprofen to be taken up to the surgery and on the morning of the operation. This was to reduce and pain that Helen may have been in. It is a mandatory requirement to check all anaesthetic machines and equipment before use each day. In 2004 the association of anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland published their third edition checklist of how to check anaesthetic equipment. The check list was approved by professionals and covers various aspects of checking the anaesthetic machine including pipelines, breathing system, ventilation, and monitoring equipment. Staffs have to be trained to check the equipment and a book must be signed by each person who checks the machine and equipment. (The association of anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland 2004). With the supervision of my mentor I started to check the anaesthetic machine ready for the day. I firstly made sure that the anaesthetic machine was connected to the mains electricity supply, and switched on. I then began to test all monitoring devices such as the pulse oximeter, capnograph, and oxygen analyser. I then checked that all pipelines were connected and connected to their correct terminal. This is to prevent the wrong gas been given to the patient. The pipe probes have a collar around them and each is different diameters to the other which prevents the probe being inserted into the wrong exit so the wrong gas in theory would never be given to a patient however it is still very important to check them. The check for this is known as the tug test. To do this I pushed the pipes is into the correct point and then i tried to tug them back out. This will tell you whether it is connected properly. The next piece of equipment on the anaesthetic machine that needs to be checked is the flow meter; i did this by looking to see if the bobbins were spinning and moving freely. I checked the anti-hypoxia device by turning the oxygen and nitrogen oxide on and disconnecting the oxygen pipeline. The nitrogen oxide should drop first and an alarm sounded, this is called the Bowson alarm. This told me that everyone was working how it should be. I then checked to make sure that the emergency bypass was working. I checked to see if the vaporises were securely fastened onto the machine, and did not leak. A then carried out a leak test on the breathing circuit and facemasks, and I checked that airways all the appropriate sizes. Then lastly I checked the ventilator for leaks and made sure that tubing was securely attached and the scavenging tubing was attached to the correct exhaust part of the breathing system, i then switched the gas on. Whist I was checking the anaesthetic machine I felt really nervous, I knew how important it was to check everything and everything correctly and this along with my mentor watching just added to the pressure. With the supervision of my mentor again I started to check the anaesthetic equipment before Helen was due for her operation. I made sure that I had out on the table 2 Macintosh laryngoscopes, one with a size 3 blades and the other with a size 4 blade. I then checked that the blades were securely fixed to the laryngoscope and also made sure that the light was working and bright. I then made sure that I had each size endotracheal tube out, a size 7, 8 and 9 and checked them by deflating the cuff and re-inflating it listening out for any leaks. I then got a size 3 and 4 LMA out and did the same test with these deflating and re-inflated but also looking for any holes or rips. I then checked that I had out all the equipment needed in case of difficult intubate, for example a gum elastic bougie, and Magill introducing forceps. The forceps are used to feed the endotracheal tube down into the trachea. I then made sure that I had a 50ml and a 20ml syringe, and also something to tie the endotr acheal tube in place and some swabs. We were then ready for Helen. On the day of the operation Helen was brought down to the theatre reception where the patient liaison asked Helen a few questions, got her to check that she had signed the consent form, and made sure that the correct site had been marked. The patient liaison then passed this information to me and my mentor in the anaesthetic room. I introduced myself to Helen and explained what i was going to do next. Whilst the anaesthetist drew up the drugs I put ECG pads onto Helen, a pulse oximeter onto her finger, and a blood pressure cuff onto her arm. The anaesthetist then inserted 0.5ml of 1% Lidocain onto the back of Helens hand where he wanted to insert a cannula. Lidocain is a local anaesthetic and was inserted to numb the area he intened to insert the cannula. It is stored in a lockable cupboard in the anaesthetic room (BNF 2009). The anaesthetist then inserted a cannula into a vein on the back of Helens hand. Helen was then pre oxygenated via a facemask which I held over her during induc tion. 10mg of morphine was firstly given via the cannula. 10mg of morphine is given as it produces better sedation and reduces the incidence of nausea and vomiting (Clarke et al 2005). 2mg/kg of Propofol (anaesthetic agent) and 100 ug/kg vecurionium bromide (muscle relaxant) was then inserted into the cannula. Propofol is a general anaesthetic and it works by slowing down the brain and nervous system. There are some side effects to Propofol, these are: pain/swelling at the site of insertion, weak shallow breathing, fast or slow heart rate, and some people can have an allergic reaction to the agent. Propofol is stored in a lockable cupboard which can only be accessed by the ODP in charge. Vecuronium Bromide is stored in a locked fridge. It is a muscle relaxant and works by blocking signals between your nerves and your muscles. This agent also has some side effects, these are: an allergic reaction to the drug. Also things such as weak/aching muscles, trouble breathing, and feeling lig ht headed. (BNF 2009). After the anaesthetic agents had been inserted it was time to intubate Helen. I assisted the anaesthetist along with my mentor through this process, passing the anaesthetist any intubating equipment he needed. He gently lifted her head and inserted a Macintosh laryngoscope with a size 3 blade into Helens mouth so that he could get a view of the trachea. He then placed a size 8 tracheal tube into the trachea. I inflated the tube listening for escaping air. Helen was now successfully intubated. To secure the endotracheal tube in place I tied a bandage around the tube. I then placed an upper body warmer onto Helen to maintain her temperature throughout the procedure and also some flowtron boots to prevent pressure sores. Intermitted positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) was used throughout Helens operation and because of this an airway pressure monitor was used. Helen was then maintained on 1litre oxygen with 1litre of nitrous oxide through a closed circuit with a soda lime canister to remove the carbon dioxide. Throughout the surgery the muscle relaxant was maintained by vecronium bromide, and carbon dioxide levels were kept at 35-45 mmHG. Due to Helen having a general anaesthetic she needed to be reversed with 50ug/kg neostigmine with 10ug/kg glycopyrrolate. Once Helen had been reversed from the vecromium and seen to be breathing on her own she was extubated. Firstly her mouth and the back of her throat were cleared of any secretions using suction. This is to prevent any secretions going down the trachea compromising the lungs which could lead to difficulty with breathing and infection (Gardiner and Grindrod 2005) The endotracheal tube cuff was then deflated and with the aid of a laryngoscope the tube was removed and a gadel airway was inserted to aid breathing and to prevent the tongue from falling back and causing choking. The monitoring was then removed and a mask was applied with 5litre oxygen to keep the patient oxygenised whilst bein g transferred to the recovery ward. Monitoring that was used throughout the anaesthesia and the surgery itself was the electrocardiogram, non-invasive arterial pressure monitor airway pressure monitor, pulse oximeter, end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration monitor, peripheral nerve stimulation and body temperature probe. Helen was very nervous when she got into the anaesthetic room. To try and reduce this I communicated with Helen and held her hand through the insertion of the cannula. I feel that this reduces worries that the patient may have and I would like to think that Helen would have gained some trust of me and my mentor. Communication is a very import quality an ODP should have. It is important when caring for patients as each practitioner needs to pass on information to other practitioners in order to give to right care to each patient (Wicker, 2006). When Helen was brought into the anaesthetic room i intruded herself to Her. Effective communication at this time is very important as you are trying to build up a relationship with the patient so that they feel more at ease (Wicker, ONeil ,2006). According to Wicker and Woodhead (2005) patients fears can be minimised by the use of communication from the ODP to the patient. Each patient should be treated the same and not discriminated against at any times. Medical gases come in cylinders. These cylinders can be identified by reading the label, the size of the cylinder, and also the colour. Each different gas has a different colour cylinder. For example, oxygen is white, nitrous oxide blue, and carbon dioxide grey. Some gases also have different valve colours, and sometimes multi coloured valves. For example medical air has a black and white top with a grey cylinder. Cylinders must be stored correctly and in the right places. They should be kept dry, clean, and well ventilated (Farley 2007). It should be easy access to them. Depending on the size of the cylinder depends on which way and where they are stored. They are sized using letters. F, G, and J being small cylinders with C, D and E being much bigger cylinders. F, G and J cylinders should be stored vertically and secure whereas C, D, and E sized cylinders should be stored horizontally. Not only are there different sized cylinders but each one has a different valve. Some have bullno ed valves, some pin index valves, others hand wheel and the rest schraeder outlet valves. Oxygen, nitrous oxide, equinox, and carbon dioxide all use pin index valves. Oxygen, air, oxygen/carbon dioxide, he/oxygen all use bullnose valves. There should also be separate areas for empty and full cylinders, and also separate areas for different gas types. Before using a cylinder you should check that you have the correct one, as mentioned before this is done be checking the label, size and colour. On the label should be the product name, the licence number, the size code, pressure, contents, bar code, storage and handling precautions, and directions for use and the expiry date (Farley 2007). From following my patient through anaesthesia I have learnt the importance of drugs, and their different behaviours. I have also learnt about the different ways to intubate a patient and all about the sizes of the tubes. I have also reflected upon my own experience of checking the anaesthetic machine and anaesthetic equipment against the AAGBI guidelines. I have explained about the importance of storage of medical gases and all about the sizes and different index openings. References Aitkenhead, A, Alan, R (2006). Textbook of anaesthesia. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. London. Allman and Iain Wilson (2006) Oxford Handbook of Anaesthesia. Second Edition. Oxford University. Oxford. Al-Shaikh, Baha (2007). Essentials of anaesthetic equipment. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. Oxford. BNF (2009). British National Formulary. (ONLINE) Available at: http://www.bnf.org/bnf/ Last accessed: 20/03/2009 Clarke, R, Dundee, J and William, J (2002). Studies of Drugs given before Anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia. (ONLINE). Available at: http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/37/10/772 Last accessed: 04/04/2009 Davey, A (200). Fundamentals of operating department practice. London. Greenwich Medical Media. Davis, N and Cashman, J (2006). Lees synopsis of anaesthesia. Blackwell. London. Farley, K (2007). Guidelines for the Safe Handling and Storage of Medical Gas Cylinders. Available at: www.bristolnorthpct.nhs.uk//gas/guidelines%20for%20the%20safe%20handling%20%20stor Last accessed: 28/02/2009 Gardiner and Grindrod (2005). Applying Cricoid Pressure. British Journal of Theatre Nursing. Simpson, Peter, J (2002). Understanding anaesthesia. Oxford. Butterworth-Heinemann. Steven M. Yentis, Nicholas P. Hirsch, and Gary B. Smith (2003). Anaesthesia and Intensive Care A to Z: An Encyclopaedia of Principles and Practice. London. Urwin, C (2007). HPC codes of conduct. (ONLINE) Available at: www.hpc-uk.org/assets/documents/10001C4620070731aPOLCORConsultationresponsetoNMCC Last accessed: 12/01/2009 Appendix 1 Actually, the amount of the posterior pharynx you can visualize is important and correlates with the difficulty of intubation. Visualization of the pharynx is obscured by a large tongue (relative to the size of the mouth), which also interferes with visualization of the larynx on laryngoscopy. The Mallampati Classification is based on the structures visualized with maximal mouth opening and tongue protrusion in the sitting position (originally described without phonation, but others have suggested minimum Mallampati Classification with or without phonation best correlates with intubation difficulty). Class I: soft palate, fauces, uvula, pillars Class II: soft palate, fauces, portion of uvula Class III: soft palate, base of uvula Class IV: hard palate only

Analysis of Goodwill International Essays -- Nonprofit Analysis

Goodwill International is a not-for-profit organization whose main objective is to offer job trainings, employment placements, and other community-based projects to individuals with disabilities. The organization also extends its services to veterans who include people who lack the necessary job experience, education, or face challenges in securing employment. The non-profit organization is financed by a chain of retail thrift stores, which also operate as not-for-profit entities in places where they are situated. Goodwill is constituted by a system of 165 community based independent organizations operating in 15 countries, including the United States, Brazil, Venezuela, Uruguay, Panama, and Canada among others. The organization uses the most part of its revenues to provide training, employment, and other relevant support to its dependants who are currently more than 6 million. This paper assesses Goodwill International based on key concepts such as volunteerism, accountabilit y, strategic planning, and fundraising in relation to its mission, vision, and purpose. In addition, the paper suggests several recommendations that could bring various benefits to Goodwill if implemented. Although Goodwill International is successful, it is not efficient and needs to implement additional strategies to improve its efficiency. There are a number of recommendations made in this paper to assist Goodwill International to enhance its efficiency. Some of the strategies include: improvement of its communication strategy, enhancement of its fiscal health, implementation of new marketing strategies, introduction of employee performance measurement techniques, and changing its donation policies to include more items. Goodwill was founded... ...ngs from a national survey of nonprofit social services agencies. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 39(4), 571-587. Michalski, G. (2011). Operating cycle and nonprofit organization efficiency. Journal of Academic Research in Economics, 3(3), 584-598. Taylor, B. E., Ryan, W. P., & Chait, R. P. (2013). Governance as leadership: Reframing the work of nonprofit boards. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Waters, R. D., Burnett, E., Lamm, A., & Lucas, J. (2009). Engaging stakeholders through social networking: How nonprofit organizations are using Facebook. Public Relations Review, 35(2), 102-106. Weerawardena, J., McDonald, R. E., & Mort, G. S. (2010). Sustainability of nonprofit organizations: An empirical investigation. Journal of World Business, 45(4), 346-356. Worth, M. J. (2013). Nonprofit management: Principles and practice. Washington, DC: Sage Publications.

Marketing Concept for Environmental Welfare

CONSUMER BEHAVIOR MARKETING CONCEPT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL WELFARE From a long time ago, manufacturers are competing with each other to provide a product that can fulfill the needs of consumers. One type of product can be produced by various manufacturers. With so many manufacturers who produce things that can fulfill the needs of consumers, other producers with low marketability will automatically be eliminated from the marketplace because it is not chosen by the consumer. One of the ways to attract consumers to buy a product is to use the societal marketing concept.Societal marketing concept is the highest evolution form of marketing concept, where in addition to get a profit, manufacturers are also trying to improve the life of the community (Crane, Andrew, Desmond, & John, 2002). One of the example is the anti-mosquito aerosol Force magic, where the manufacturer states that the compound used in anti-mosquito aerosol derived from natural substances that are not harmful to humans. For c ompetitors Force magic, such as Baygon and Hit, does not seem to use the same content with the Force magic.Some aerosols are using the contents injurious to consumers, but proved to be more powerful than the other content. There is even one of the brands of aerosol mosquito which was being pulled out from marketing because they contain ingredients that are dangerous to health. Anti-mosquito Force Magic uses natural ingredients that repel mosquitoes effectively but not harmful to humans. The natural materials can disappear in the air and can be neutralized by mammals.We can see from the advertisement, a manufacturer of Force Magic also emphasized that anti-mosquito aerosol is safe for children, where children's health is one thing that considered by consumers who have a family. Consumers are essentially buying and using a product to satisfy their needs. However, with the societal marketing concept, manufacturers are not only provide products to meet the consumer needs but also provid es effect or another impacts that are useful for the welfare of consumers and the environment (Crane, Andrew, Desmond, & John, 2002).Would the consumers be more interested in buying products that are marketed by sales strategy of societal marketing concept? Societal marketing concept is the highest evolution form of marketing concept. Starting from the production concept, which assumes that all consumers would be more interested to buy products at low prices. Furthermore, the product concept assumes that consumers will buy the product with the best quality. Then there is the selling concept, which is a growing assumption that consumers will not purchasing a product if they did not get a hard persuasion .Subsequently there is marketing concept which emphasizes the rational consumer and intends that all the sales should be able to meet the consumer needs. Finally, the concept of product sales in societal marketing concept is in addition to profit. Beside that, the manufacturers are al so trying to improve the life of the community. Societal marketing concept intended to meet the needs of the target market in a way to support the welfare of society in general, but still implement the main goals of the company (Schiffman & Kanuk, 2007).According to Maslow (Feist & Feist, 2007) humans have needs that stratified. Maslow's hierarchy of needs indicates the degree level of human needs. If the basic needs have not been fulfilled, the above needs can not be fulfilled. Maslow's hierarchy of needs starting from biological needs, followed by the need for love, and the need for security, the need for self-esteem, and the latter the need for self-actualization. Basically, consumers who have met the biological needs will try to meet next.If the urgent needs have been met, then the consumer will look for products with other things that could fulfill the higher needs. Therefore, consumers will be interested to choose a product, in this case the Force Magic, because it can eradica te mosquitoes and ensure the health of consumers and families. Consumers should feel happier and more motivated to buy the product because of the good impression posed by producers which helps the welfare of society.Logically, manufacturers will attract more interest of the consumer because by paying the same price to other products, consumers can get more profit. To apply the societal marketing concept, preferably all products must be in the category of desirable products. The manufacturers have to change the products they create in order to improve the life of customers in a short or long term. It requires many innovations and breakthroughs to make it.In the field of anti-mosquito aerosol, producers should do more research on ingredients which are effective to repel mosquitoes and harmless to human. Manufacturer must seek to emphasize the positive effects obtained from the use of the products and reduce the negative effects of these products. Therefore, manufacturers use societal marketing concept to sell their products. Beside the benefits from the sale, they also meet the needs of consumers and ensure their welfare. It is also the main attraction for consumers.Sales of products with the societal marketing concept can surely meet the needs of consumers directly and to guarantee the well-being of consumers in the future. Manufacturers have always wanted to get profit from the sale of its products. However, it should not make manufacturer forget about the customers. Manufacturers also have to consider the welfare of the consumer, which is the most important element in their sales. Manufacturers provide products that can fulfill customer needs and ensure the welfare of the community.Consumers will put a trust on the products and choose products that can guarantee their welfare. In that way, manufacturers can still achieve its main objective, which is to benefit, and ensuring the welfare of consumers. References Crane, Andrew & Desmond, John. (2002). Societal M arketing and Morality. European Journal of Marketing, 548-569 Feist, Jess & Feist, G. J. (2006). Theories of Personality 6th edition. Singapore: McGraw-Hill Schiffman, L. G. & Kanuk, L. L. (2000). Consumer Behavior 7th edition. USA: Prentice Hall International, Inc.

Americas Creation; Canadas Foundation essays

America's Creation; Canada's Foundation essays Thesis: In retrospect, the American Revolution was as important to Canada as it was to the United States, as it divided the continent in two, which created one country and paved the way for the evolution of another. From the first time that the Rebel Patriots in the thirteen colonies caused unrest in the British Empire to the creation of the United States of America, the nation that was to be Canada was affected, shaped, tested and changed forever by the events of the American Revolution. The War of Independence might have resulted in sovereignty for only the United States, but the remaining British North America would never be the same. In the early 1770s, the Rebels in the colonies were protesting taxes and causing riots and political unrest in what would soon be the United States. These events and feelings worried the British, who tried to make strategic military and political decisions to avoid conflict and to keep their Empire intact. As the decade progressed, the British realized that little could be done to diminish the animosity felt towards the throne in the Thirteen Colonies. Therefore, they decided to try to build up loyalty in Quebec, which was still predominantly French, despite being under British rule for two decades. The government in England passed the Quebec Act in 1774 to win support from their French-Canadian subjects. The overall purpose of the Act was to keep the citizens happy and to lighten up on previously imposed restrictions. The Act extended the geographical boundaries of the province, stretching it into the Ohio Valley. It also reinstated French civil law, which gave the colonists more control over their own affairs. However, the most important part of the Act was the official recognition of the Catholic Church: And, for the more perfect Security and Ease of the Minds of the Inhabitants of the said Province, it is hereby declared, That his Majesty's Subjects, professing the Religion of the Church ...

buy custom A Conceptualization and Treatment Plan essay

buy custom A Conceptualization and Treatment Plan essay A Conceptualization and Treatment Plan Abstract This study explores the psychoanalytic therapeutic intervention for a sociopathic young man. Nebert is a victim of childhood abuse in the hands of his drunken and impoverished parents. His mental disorientation attests to the fact that his condition is a product of the negative upbringing. The client had sought a form of defensive mechanism that was illustrated in criminal conduct, violence, and rudeness towards his peers and seniors. The process of treatment was based on the need to confront the negative associations that the client had attached to certain objects in his mental universe. The therapy sought to establish a break that would reclaim the client from the weight of the influence of past abuses. The desired outcome of the therapy was behavioral changes and the pursuit of moral goals by the client. At the end of the therapy, the client was able to recognize his weakness of character within the wider picture of the influence of an abusive upbringing. Accordingly, he expressed readiness for positive adjustment of the self. Presenting concerns Nebert is a 26 year old jobless and homeless young man. Nebert is exceptionally bright with high school academic records showing that he is an above average individual. He held top positions several times and has received several presents for academic excellence. Nebert is the only son of his parents who are separated. He has spent much of his time with his mother who educated him from the proceeds of selling cheap liquor. Nebert has witnessed his parents fights occasionally and is also aware that his mother engages in prostitution to supplement for her meager income. He was admitted to University to pursue a degree course in medicine. He dropped out of the university twice but was taken back by his mother. Nebert was eventually expelled from the university and has turned to petty crime for the purposes of financing his drinking and drug attachments. Nebert is extremely rude to his peers and superiors and keeps to himself most of the time. Occasionally he falls into problems with law enforcement agents and has been arrested and charged for minor offences several times. Currently, his relationship with his mother is icy although they meet occasionally. However, he has severed his links with his father completely and does not wish to relate to him in any manner. His father, who is an alcoholic, has started another family in the adjacent slum of which Nebert is aware. Further information suggests that Nebert incurred prolonged physical abuse from his father and occasionally also from his mother. The young man can and has often displayed characteristics of violence. His main targets are elderly men and his more stable and successful peers. Case conceptualization It appears that Neberts problems are rooted in his upbringing. As child Nebert naturally perceived of his family and the parents as the ideal. He did not envision a possibility of an existence beyond the frame of reference supplied by his relationship with his parents and his home. But when the home he trusted turned abusive, violent and disorderly, Nebert might have adopted a completely different perspective about the world. He began perceiving the world as a cruel place that cannot nurture the tender feelings and aspirations of children. This reality might have sunk deeper with the physical brutalities meted out on him and his mother especially from his father. The source of protection was quickly and dangerously reversing into a system of internal abuse. Nebert did not have the opportunity to experience parental love. He was lacking both in material and emotional resources. His impoverished parents could not adequately cover for his needs. The situation was worsened by the fact that both his father and mother were alcoholics. Consequently, Nebert grew up in a loveless environment that was informed by frequent quarrels and fights between his parents. These hostilities and quarrels appear to have embedded themselves in his subconscious mind. The development of the self was inhibited by the influences of poverty and violence. Nebert might have imagined that his situation was peculiarly out of order especially when he looked at other families in the neighborhood that seemed to cope well with situations. Poverty, conflict, and disrespect appear to be fundamental building blocks to his misery. The situation was even worsened by the fact the family eventually ended up breaking. In his mind, the eventual break up of the family symbolized a final collapse of the only citadel of protection that he had known despite its apparent disorder. The self remained formless in a way that could not be reconciled to the situation in his life. Neberts inability to bond with his peers is a representation of the fact that he considers himself inferior to others who come from relatively stable families. His rudeness to his seniors would be interpreted as a payback gesture to a generation that has denied him his rights as a child. The maladjustment of his personality is a response against the stifling forces that have seized his destiny (Bower, 2005). He appears to consider his existnce as a default phenomenon. As a defensive mechanism, Nebert sought to compensate the shame of his family in education. He seems to have made up his mind to work hard in school with the objective of reversing the situation at home. This resolve was meant to be a demonstration to the society of the good side of his background. The consequence of this subconscious decision is seen in his impressive academic record, which he sustains from high school to university. However, things appear to have collapsed at the moment when his parents eventually broke up. There was no longer any pride to defend or any family name to sustain. The unfolding of the negative events appears to have dampened his enthusiasm for academic excellence. The subconscious mind might have recorded the heavy blow with the final response that he was not willing to adjust in any positive sense (Fonagy, 2001). There also appears to be an oedipal complex to the situation. Although Nebert does not wish to mend relations with his parents, he is particularly hostile to his father. In some sense, he perceives his father as the author of the familys downfall. It might also be possible that Nebert unconsciously blames his father for standing in the way of motherly love, which he yearned for but never really received. It is for this reason that he demonstrates a certain element understanding towards his mother. At the level of the self, Nebert perceives of himself as having been born in a world of evil men who are both uncaring and violent towards those they have to protect. Accordingly, he adjusts his attitudes in a negative fashion towards his father and fellow men. His self seeks out for the most convenient method to relieve childhood trauma. The only available method for him to releave his trauma appears to be violence and crime. One of the methods he uses is rudeness particularly against the elderly men in the society. He considers them as part of the network of the evil male ensemble that was behind the collapse of his home. The self believes that it can only redeem itself by shielding away from all forms of association with these forces of destruction. This subconscious decision eventually boils down to his personality, which is aloof and unpredictable. Another dimension that illustrates the efforts of the self to redeem itself is to be found in Neberts criminal nature. Nebert has been brought up in an impoverished environment. Part of his familys problems and its eventually disintegration can be considered to be products of poverty. Any family unit requires a certain level of material and financial resources in order for it to function at the very basic level. Neberts family appears to have sunk below the mark of the irreducible minimum. Psychoanalytically, poverty has a demeaning aspect to the development of the self. Victims of poverty begin to imagine themselves as being sub-human. They occasionally imagine themselves to have descended to the level of animals. It was partly because of this reason that the family experienced to frequent bouts of violence. Studies have found out that there are possibilities for the occurrences of reactionary domestic violence, which result out of poverty (Fonagy, 2001). As a defense mechanism against the seemingly unstoppable descent into further violence, Nebert might have thought of crime as the necessary safeguard and the last alternative. Through stealing and pilferage, Nebert considered himself to be exerting some form of responsibility to the society. At the subconscious level, he holds a deep-seated grudge against the society which he considers complicit in his familys misfortune. It might be precisely because of this reason that he adopts a personality of rudeness and aloofness against the society. By stealing, he appears to consider the fact that he is simply reclaiming the equilibrium that should have existed had his family remained stable. He considers himself opposed to the world in which he lives. His self considers of everything around him as some form of great conspiracy that are part of an elaborate plan to design his damnation. It is partly because of this reason that he chooses to drop out of university. His suspicious self appears to link up the institution with every other reality that torments his conscience. This suspicion was fostered during his childhood at the point when he realized that his parents could not sustain any form of love for him. The psychoanalytical configuration that works in him establishes some form of dichotomous relationship between the world and him. His self establishes a system of difference that sets the world apart as an entity that exists outside his sphere of feelings and interests. The world according to him is a remote existence founded on the ideals of selfishness, violence, hopelessness, and betrayal. He can only relate to this world in terms of attack, conquest, or vengeance. Although education would have been a more convenient way to establish some form of reconciliation with this distant world, Nebert opts for a method that would further perpetuate his desire to wrest from the world the privileges and rights that were denied to him as a child. Goals and Interventions The process of helping Nebert innvolved a structural awakening to his true condition. I sought to help Nebert see the bigger picture of his weaknesses. The main objective of the therapy was to awaken Nebert to the fact that there was a singular force that was controlling his personality especially in the negative sense. The process of therapy was targeted at the core of his self. Helping Nebert involved a gradual process of supplying his psychoanalytic structures with a fresh set of objectives by which he might learn to redefine his world view. In the long run the therapy was aimed at reclaiming Nebert from the defensive processes by which he had established his streak of petty crime and negative personality traits. I explained to him in plain terms that there were alternative ways through which he could perceive the world without bitterness and grudge. I sought to explain to him that although he failed to find love from his parents, the environment in which he lived was full of people who were angling for an opportunity to engage with him in meaningful ways. I asked him to consider extending feelings of love and concern particularly for his mother who had remained concerned about his welfare. My task involved reminding him of the specific incidences in his life in which his mother had sought to compensate for the love she failed to give him during his upbringing. This was an illustration that his parents might be hurting out of guilt for not having given him the love that he deserved. However, I also reminded him that his parents still had important roles to play in his future. These conciliatory advices were meant to assist Nebert in undergoing some meaningful transformation in the self, which would help him reunite with his environment. Therapeutic measures for a psychoanalytically estranged individual must involve express gestures to reclaim his trust and confidence in the objects and systems that he had learnt to distance himself from. Some of the objects that were fundamental in the rebuilding of his world view are his parents, people in authority, the elderly, his peers and the learning institutions. Studies have shown that victims with psychological disorders tend to construct negative monstrous associations in the objects that they attribute to their misfortunes (Fonay Target, 2003). However, these responses take place at the subconscious level and the individual may not be aware that he or she is acting out of form. Such individuals lock themselves up in private worlds which they construct in their mental universe. Their intention is to escape from the larger world which they deem oppressive and cruel to their survival. I welcomed him to the idea of how he might change if only he went back to college to complete his studies. I helped him realize that his character was simply a natural reaction to a past that he could not change. I sought to explain to him that his criminal aspects were injuring some other people in the same way and even in greater proportions than what he was underground. An important dimension in this therapy was to awaken Nebert to the fact that the society was not part of his mistakes. I told him that some other people may have experienced worse situations but did not choose either crime or rudeness as their options. By giving him this information, I was trying to make him realize how important it was for him to consider life on a more positive note. At his young age, I told him that he still had many opportunities to mend things and impact positively even to his separated and previously abusive parents. Conclusion At the end of the lengthy therapy, Nebert had acknowledged the fact that he could engage with the world in a positive way than he had done in the past. He had accepted that to mend fences with his parents and reestablish interest in his academic pursuits. Precisely, Nebert accepted to pursue a course in programming. The therapy session had achieved the objective of a different a psychoanalytical locus based on positive relations with the world around him. Nebert also realized that the world was full with opportunities that could compensate for what he had lost in the abusive upbringing. Several psychoanalytic studies agree on the need to reconfigure the mental processes of maladjusted individuals by awakening them to revised models of perceptions of the world around them. Theories and concepts that underpin these studies suggest that the mental limitations and personality deformities are structural. The argument is that these deformities are anchored and sustained by historical factors that create a defective mental universe in the psyche of the victim (Gaddini Limentani, 1992). Consequently, the individual adopts certain responses that are aimed towards dislodging these structures from his or her mental system. The danger often is that these victims tend to generalize their defensive mechanisms in the general direction of the perceived enemy. In extreme cases, such reactions tend to condense into sociopathic habits that endanger the society and the victims themselves. In the case of Nebert, the response was aimed at reversing the perceptions of the structures in a way that would assist in the development of positive associations between him and the objective world around him. Buy custom A Conceptualization and Treatment Plan essay

Information Systems Theories Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Information Systems Theories Assignment - Essay Example ...................................................Page 7 Ethical Considerations In The Report†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.................Page 7 CATWOE & Root Definition Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...............Page 8 Root Definition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....................................................Page 8 Findings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...............................................................Page 8 Discussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...........................................................Page 9 Sustaining IT Provision of Public Services†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.........Page 10 Inventory Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦........................................Page 10 Capacity Decisions & Work Scheduling†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.............Page 11 Quality†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.................................................................Page 12 HM Government Operational Performance†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.........Page 12 Outsourced Logistics†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...........................................Page 13 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...........................................................Page 14 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......................... ............. e of both the strategic and day-to-day operations of HM Government’s IT systems and how they influence the experiences of the British public (Porter, 2004, p.87). Various aspects of each British citizen’s experience with the government will greatly influence the general public’s perception of the quality of HM Government’s IT systems and the administrative programmes they represent. Therefore, in the current era of restless citizens, who may well take their ‘work’ to competing private contractors, there is an increased need for government representatives to be the British public’s advocates (Reynolds & Howell, 2010, p.142). HM Government’s IT systems therefore need to be influenced by many different angles and perspectives, with the closest consideration being given to the impact on HM Government’s perceived quality and equity in IT governance. Any reforms on the government systems must therefore be aimed at the satisfacti on of the British public. The Soft Systems Methodology Report Analysis of House of Commons Public Administration Committee Report This Report, entitled â€Å"Recipes for rip-offs†, is highly critical of overall HM Government IT systems procurement, implementation and support strategy. The Committee is thoroughly justified in stating that HM Government pays a lot (and by implication, far too much) for IT, as compared to the commercial sphere. The Committee recommends that these problems may be corrected through the following measures. First, the information view that HM Government has of it’s IT systems in general must be dramatically improved. This problem is due to the inadequate data that HM Government has available to it for the benchmarking of available IT products and services. It is therefore evident that HM Government pays

Should the President Be Required To Have Served in the Military GP Essay

Should the President Be Required To Have Served in the Military GP week5 - Essay Example As the leader of the free world, our military servicemen look towards the man or woman sitting in the White House for leadership, guidance, and moral support. Our military has seen a long line of active or war veteran presidents stemming from George Washington who fought in the earliest civil war battles that freed our country from the British empire, all the way to George H.W. Bush who, although only a member of the Air National Guard (â€Å"Should Presidential Candidates and Elected Officials be Required to Serve in the Military?†, n.d.) , proved to be the last great American president who knew that there was a lot more at stake for the United States after the 9/11 attacks than just a vendetta upon those who took American lives in an act that rivaled the bombing of Pearl Harbor back in World War II. It is of the utmost importance that the American president have some sort of military service tucked under his belt, whether as a veteran of an international war effort or simply as a stateside based serviceman because our countrys history is steeped deeply in these â€Å"war efforts†. By actively serving the interests of the American military even during what is perceived to be â€Å"peacetime† America, the next president of this great nation ensures that he has a thorough understanding of the importance of the United States as a peacekeeping nation on the world stage, and also has a thorough grasp of the international foreign relations of the United States. By actively serving in the military, the next U.S. president will have an advantage over his non-active opponents, that of actually having been in the center of the great â€Å"wartime† political debate. He will have a greater knowledge and understanding that being an American is a privilege and should be r epaid by service. He will have come to the conclusion that, as a military veteran, he understands the needs of the international community in terms of U.S.